PISA CAMPANILE

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Title	PISA CAMPANILE
Alternate Title	Leaning Tower of Pisa, La Torre Pendente, La Torre di Pisa
View	The blind arcades at the base of the tower, showing decorative work
Notes	religious
Work Type	campanile
Style/Period	Romanesque: Pisan-Romanesque
Attribution	Pisano, Bonanno
Major Design Aspects	round-shaped plan repetitive forms form is a cylinder unique aspects
Elements & Spatial Types	arcade: blind arcade
Climate Type	Mediterranean
Country	Italy
City	Pisa
State/Province	Tuscany
Alternate Place Names	Piazza del Duomo
Architectural Material	marble, white marble
Structural System	bearing masonry
Dates	1173-1350
Century	12C
Designation/Awards/Inscriptions	country icon, tourist site
Photographer	Scott Gilchrist, Archivision Inc.
Subject Information	Begun in 1173 as the third and final structure of the city's cathedral complex, it was designed to stand 185 ft (56 m) high. Work was suspended several times as engineers sought solutions; the tower, still leaning, was completed in the 14th century. Subsiding at the rate of 0.03 in (1.2 mm) a year, the structure was in danger of collapse, and in 1990 it was closed as engineers undertook a strengthening project that decreased the lean by 17 in (44 cm) to about 13.5 ft (4.1 m). The work was completed in May 2001. Source: http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=395204 *** 'The Tower of Pisa was designed as a bell tower and to brag to Pisa's nemesis, the city of Florence. When the infamous tilt was discovered during construction in 1178, the builders decided to continue with the project regardless. The cause of the tilt is commonly attributed to unstable soil under the tower, although some historians believe that the tilt was actually part of the original architect's design. There have been many attempts over the centuries to remove or reduce the southerly tilt; the most successful was also the most recent. In 1990, an Italian government-appointed special commission determined that the tower was no longer safe for tourists, closed it off, and started devising ways to make the building safer. John Burland, a professor of soil mechanics, came up with the system of removing soil from the north side in order to make the building settle back into the ground and thus reduce the tilt. This worked and the tower was reopened to tourism in 2001.' Source: http://architecture.about.com/library/blleaningtowerofpisa.htm
Credit Line	Archivision Inc. (all images copyright Scott Gilchrist / Archivision.com)
Collection Title	Archivision (architecture, urban design, gardens, landscapes and public art)
Collection information	Collection administered by the Visual Resources manager, Architecture Library, (402) 472-1193

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PISA CAMPANILE

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