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Artist/Creator (1)	Serra, Richard (born 1939)
Artist/Creator (1).Nationality	American
Artist/Creator (1).Role	artist, sculptor
Title/Caption	Tilted Arc
Date of Work	1981. Removed and destroyed 1989
Description of View	View at oblique angle
Notes	Sponsor/Developer: The General Services Administration, Art in Architecture Program. Project Location: formerly at Jacob K. Javits Building, Federal Plaza, on Foley Square, New York, NY. Project Description: A slightly curved and tilted Cor-Ten steel 'wall' was developed by the artist to be placed in the plaza of the Jacob K. Javits Federal Office Building. After installation, it became the focus of nation-wide controversy, and was finally removed. According to Richard Serra, 'I plan to build a piece that is 120 feet long in a semi-circular plaza. It will cross the entire space, blocking the view from the street to the Courthouse and vice versa. It will be twelve feet high and will tilt one foot toward the Federal Building and the Courthouse. It will be a very slow arc that will encompass the people who walk on the plaza in its volume...After the piece is created, the space will be understood primarily as a function of the sculpture.' (From article by Robert Storr, 'Tilted Arc': Enemy of the People ?, Art in America, September 1985, Page 91-97.) Project History: Through the General Service Administration's Art in Architecture program, Richard Serra was selected by an independent panel of three individuals -- Suzanne Delaharity, Robert Pincus Witten and Ira Licht. After prolonged review, Serra's work was approved by the head of G.S.A., Roland G. Freeman. Project cost: $175,000. Almost immediately the sculpture generated a public outcry, particularly from the employees of the Federal complex. 1300 names were obtained on a petition demanding that the sculpture be removed. The art community was also somewhat divided on the merits of this work, but they joined forces to defend the rights of the artist. The result was a polarization of the general public and the arts community. Efforts to relocate the work were opposed by Richard Serra, who argued that Tilted Arc was designed as a site-specific work and would be destroyed by its removal or relocation. Judge Edward D. Re, Chief Justice of the Unites States Court of International Trade, succeeded in reopening the issue after more than three years of calm. A follow-up hearing called by William Diamond, the New York Administrator for G.S.A., further intensified the controversy by appointing another panel of three senior officers of the regional G.S.A. Administration and two outsiders, Michael Findlay and Thomas Levin. None of these panel members had expertise in public sculpture. Diamond held hearings on Serra's work and received testimony from the factions who supported the artistic freedom of the artist and his contract with G.S.A., and from the many people who opposed it. The hearings crystalized the issue of artistic freedom and whether the removal of the sculpture was tantamount to censorship. It focused attention on the process by which public art is acquired, and magnified the issue of how much freedom an artist may have in a democracy when social goals may conflict with artistic expression. The artwork was eventually removed from the plaza of the Jacob Javits Courthouse.
Technique/Process	sculpture, metalworking, hot-rolling
Materials/Medium	hot-rolled Cor Ten steel
Dimensions	Ht.: 3.5 m (12 ft.) L: 36.5 m (120 ft.)
Century	20th Century
Subject	Sculpture, American Sculpture, 20th Century Public art
Publisher	ART on FILE
Publisher.Location	ART on FILE. 1837 East Shelby St. Seattle, Washington 98112 (United States). www.artonfile.com
Set/Project Title	New Directions in Public Art: Part I
Set/Project Author(s)	ART on FILE, 2000
Reference Number	Art on File PAI-23(3)-2
Collection Title	Sculpture (Art and Art History Department images)
Collection Information	Collection administered by Visual Resources manager, Architecture Library (402) 472-1193
Copyright Information	http://contentdm.unl.edu/ah_copyright.html

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